Research in Community and Public Health Nursing

Soon Ok Yang

19 Articles

The Attitude, Use and Adverse Effects of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies among Vulnerable, Community Dwelling Old Adults: Young Im Park, Mi Sook Song, Ok Hee Ahn, Soon Ok Yang, In Sook Lee, Hye Sun Hyun; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2014;25(1):1-11. Published online March 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2014.25.1.1

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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to obtain information of use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and any reported adverse effects of them on vulnerable elders in a community.
METHODS
1,837 elderly subjects aged 65 or higher with health problems were selected from those who were enrolled in a public health care center and received visiting health management services. A proportional stratified sampling method was used. Data collection was completed by face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. The descriptive statistics and chi2-test were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
The prevalence of CAM use last year was 57.5%, and 10.4% of the subjects reported adverse effects of the therapies. The mean score of the subjects' attitudes towards CAM was 4.1+/-3.44 (range 1~10). The major sources of advice and exposure to CAM therapies were most likely to be from family and friends (72.5%). The primary reason for choosing CAM was to manage symptoms and relieve pain (86.6%).
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest the need to develop nursing strategies for reducing and preventing adverse effects of CAM use by promoting awareness of using safe and appropriate CAM therapies.

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The Effect of Hand Press Pellet Therapy on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, and Depression in Elderly Women with Knee Osteoarthritis
Hyojung Park, Hyeri Yang
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2020; 23(1): 27. CrossRef
Illness uncertainty and complementary and alternative medicine use in patients undergoing hemodialysis
Hae Ok Jeon, Bo Hye Kim, Oksoo Kim
Nursing & Health Sciences.2019; 21(3): 375. CrossRef
The Perception and Utilization patterns of Complementary and Alternative Medicines in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Kyoung Ran Kong, Eun Nam Lee, Won Tae Jeong
Journal of muscle and joint health.2016; 23(3): 187. CrossRef
Health Status and the Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in the Community Dwelling Pre-elderly and Elderly
Myung-Sill Chung, Kyung-Choon Lim
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2015; 18(1): 46. CrossRef

The Factors Affecting Cultural Competency of Visiting Nurses and Community Health Practitioners: Soon Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012;23(3):286-295. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.0000/jkachn.2012.23.3.286

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of cultural competency of visiting nurses and community health practitioners and explore factors that are related with their cultural competency.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 113 visiting nurses and 103 community health practitioners working in Gangwon-do. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on May 24, 2011. The SPSS/WIN 17.0 program was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
The average score for cultural competency of visiting nurses was 2.76+/-0.60 and that of community health practitioners 2.91+/-0.51. Most of subjects received no multicultural education (78.0% for nurses, 85.7% for community health nurses). Factors influencing cultural competency were number of service experience for multicultural clients and participation of multicultural education.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop systematic educational programs to enhance the cultural competency of nurses.

The Effects of a Case Management Program of Customized Home Visiting Health Service for Clients with Arthritis: Soon Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Yong Jun Choi, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2011;22(2):151-161. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.2.151

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a case management program on range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy in community-dwelling older women with knee arthritis.
METHODS
The research design was one-group pre and post-test design with 40 participants with knee arthritis who agreed to participate in the 12-week case management program. Data were collected four times, before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks.
RESULTS
Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between before and after the service in range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy. Significant improvements from the baseline to 4 weeks after the service were observed in the measurements of range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy. There were no significant differences in range of motion, pain and depression between 4 and 12 weeks after the services.
CONCLUSION
This study represents the first effort showing that a case management program can have positive outcomes on range of motion, pain, depression and self efficacy for older women with knee arthritis. More research using a control group pre-post test design considering time lapse is needed in order to examine more accurately the effects of case management programs for knee arthritis.

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Effects of a nurse-led multicomponent intervention for frail older adults living alone in a community: a quasi-experimental study
Mi Sook Song, Sunjoo Boo
BMC Nursing.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-term Monitoring of Changes in Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose, and Total Cholesterol Levels among Frail Older Individuals Receiving Home Health Care Nursing in South Korea
Young-Ran Chin, Hyo Young Lee
Journal of Community Health Nursing.2021; 38(1): 13. CrossRef
Benefit analysis of visiting healthcare in public health centers
Sukja Ko, Young-Ho Jung, Jae Yong Lee
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(5): 69. CrossRef
The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, Depression, and Sleep in Community-dwelling Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis
Chung Soon Kim, Kwang Soo Yoo, Se Hwa Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(3): 207. CrossRef
Symptoms, aging-stereotyped beliefs, and health-promoting behaviors of older women with and without osteoarthritis
Hyun-E Yeom
Geriatric Nursing.2013; 34(4): 307. CrossRef
Effects of Tailored Case Management using a Gatekeeper for the Depressed Single-household Elderly Population -Focusing on the Mental Health Case Management-
Yun-Jung Choi, Mi-Ra Won
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(4): 376. CrossRef
The Effects of Case Management for Clients with Clonorchiasis in Riverside Areas
Chunmi Kim, Hee-Gerl Kim, Kyung-Ja June, Souk-Young Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(4): 427. CrossRef

A Survey on the Use of Visiting Nurses in Child Day Care Centers: Soon Ok Yang, Shin Jeong Kim, Myung Soon Kwon, Seung Hee Lee, Sung Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2011;22(2):87-99. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2011.22.2.87

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to contribute children's health care and health promotion by surveying the use of visiting nurses in child day care centers.
METHODS
This study is a descriptive study, and the study period covers July to September, 2010. The research subjects were 27 public health center managers, 166 visiting nurses and 137 child care teachers.
RESULTS
Teachers' need of visiting health care services and visiting nurses' work performance of were statistically significantly different. The teachers' need of visiting health care was higher in all areas (health examination, health life practice, infectious disease control, safety accidents and disaster management, emergency measures and linkage, nutrition, parent education) but the visiting nurses had a low level of work performance.
CONCLUSION
Child care teachers are not health professionals for child health care, and therefore they are in need of professional help. Thus, for the current public health centers in need of customized visit health care, new visiting nurses in charge of professional child health care need to be developed. Also, new models need to be developed for visiting nurses and child care teachers through the connection of community child health care.

A Survey on the Customized Visiting Nurse's Assessment and Management of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Older Adults: Soon Ok Yang, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(3):311-320. Published online September 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.3.311

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the status of visiting nurse's assessment and management of chronic musculoskeletal pain in older adults.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 285 visiting nurses working at 24 public health centers located in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from June to July, 2008. The SPSS/WIN 13.0 program was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
Of the visiting nurses, 195 (77.4%) reported lack of pain education for nurses. The education of exercise (83.3%) was used most frequently by nurses as a pain intervention. Barriers to effective pain management were inadequate pain management guidelines and lack of pain education for nurses.
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to develop evidence-based nursing interventions for pain management and to develop systematic educational programs for visiting nurses management of chronic musculoskeletal pain.

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Effects of Auricular Acupressure on the Knee Pain, Joint Angle and Sleep among Elderly Workers with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Quasi-experimental Study
Hyojung Park, Yunmi Lim
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2022; 25(1): 1. CrossRef
Barriers to chronic pain management in community-dwelling low-income older adults: Home-visiting nurses’ perspectives
Hyung-Ran Park, Eunyoung Park, Jee-Won Park
Collegian.2016; 23(3): 257. CrossRef
The Effect of Laughter Therapy on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, Depression, and Sleep of Elderly Housebound Women with Osteoarthritis
Chung Soon Kim, Sook Hi Jang, You Young Cho
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2015; 17(2): 123. CrossRef
Pain Management Survey of Psychiatric Unit Nurses
Hey In Park, Kyunghee Lee
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2014; 16(2): 150. CrossRef
The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Arthralgia, Ankylosis, Depression, and Sleep in Community-dwelling Elderly Women with Osteoarthritis
Chung Soon Kim, Kwang Soo Yoo, Se Hwa Hong
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(3): 207. CrossRef
Importance and Performances of Visiting Nurse Services Provided under the Long Term Care Insurance System for the Elderly
Do Hwa Byeon, Hye Jin Hyun
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(3): 332. CrossRef
The Effects of a Case Management Program of Customized Home Visiting Health Service for Clients with Arthritis
Soon-Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Yong-Jun Choi, Seung-Hee Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(2): 151. CrossRef

The Effects of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Depression on Health-related Quality of Life by Gender in Community-dwelling Older Adults: Seung Hee Lee, Soon Ok Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(1):21-30. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2010.21.1.21

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic musculoskeletal pain and depression on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) according to gender in community-dwelling older adults.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 209 elderly individuals who were receiving visiting nursing services from a public health center located in Gangwon-do. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from March to April, 2008. SPSS/WIN 13.0 was used for data analysis.
RESULTS
Depression and HRQoL showed a significant difference between male and female subjects. There was a negative correlation between chronic musculoskeletal pain, depression, and HRQoL. In the male elderly, depression was the most significant predictor of HRQoL, while in the female elderly, chronic musculoskeletal pain was the most significant predictor of HRQoL.
CONCLUSION
The study showed that chronic musculoskeletal pain was the variable with the highest explanatory power for HRQoL in the female elderly. Therefore, chronic musculoskeletal pain needs to be assessed and managed first in nursing interventions to improve HRQoL of the female elderly.

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The Effect of Interaction between Obesity and Grip Strength on Health-Related Quality of Life in Elderly: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018)
Seungjae Hyun, Darae Woo, Sangshin Park
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(1): 28. CrossRef
Sex-Based Differences in the Quality of Life of Elderly Koreans With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Hyesun Jeong, Yoonju Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(3): 743. CrossRef
Physical and Psychosocial Factors in the Prevention of Chronic Pain in Older Age
Daisy Fancourt, Andrew Steptoe
The Journal of Pain.2018; 19(12): 1385. CrossRef
Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of a daily dose of 5 mg of tadalafil, over an 8-week period, for improving quality of life among Korean men with andropause symptoms, including erectile dysfunction
Joong Gyo Lee, Byung Duk Kim, Chang Hee Han, Kang Kon Lee, Keun Sang Yum
Medicine.2018; 97(51): e13827. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Health-related Quality of Life of Young Adults and Elderly with Multimorbiditiy: A Secondary Analysis of the 2013 Korea Health Panel Data
Seunyoung Joe, Insook Lee, Bohyun Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(4): 358. CrossRef
Comprehensive Factors Influencing Quality of Life of Elders Utilizing Senior Welfare Centers
Eun-Kyung Kim, Youn Gyeong Shin, Eun Jeong Jo, Da Seul Moon, Kyeong Min Park, Eung Kyung Kim, Su Jung Lee, Hyun Jin Kim, Han Sol Ko
Perspectives in Nursing Science.2015; 12(1): 50. CrossRef
Health related Lifestyles, Self-efficacy and Health related Quality of Life by the Types of Hypertension Management in Community Health Posts
Myung Soon Kwon, Soon-Ok Yang, Ji-Hye Jang
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2015; 29(3): 565. CrossRef
Relationship Between Low Back Pain and Depression Among Some Elderly
Seong-Woo Yun, Kyeong-Ae Oh
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(3): 1599. CrossRef
The Effects of perceived health status, sleep, depression and pain on quality of life by Gender in Community-dwelling Older Adults
Koung-Oh Chang, Su-Jin Park, Du-Yi Bae
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(3): 1566. CrossRef
Gender Difference in Influencing Factors on Health related Quality of Life among the Elderly in Community
Seung-Hee Lee
The Journal of Digital Policy and Management.2013; 11(12): 523. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Quality of Life in Low- Income Elders Living at Home: A Literature Review
Chung-Min Cho
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2013; 27(2): 372. CrossRef
Prevalence and Its Influencing Factors on Depression among Elderly Vulnerable People in Urban Community
Hye-Ryoung Kim
The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2013; 7(3): 275. CrossRef
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in Older Koreans: Comparison of Young-old and Old-old
Kyung-Choon Lim, Seonho Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2012; 21(1): 1. CrossRef
Relationship between Low Back Pain and Health-Related Quality of Life among Some Elderly
Kyeong-Ae Oh, Jong Park, Dae-Jung Jeon, Mi-Ah Han, Seong-Woo Choi
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2012; 37(3): 156. CrossRef
The Relationship of Functional Health Status, Satisfaction of Customized Home Visiting Health Service, and Quality of Life in Vulnerable Elderly
Yeong-Sook Park, Haw-Yean Lee, Yun-Hee Kwon
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2011; 12(11): 5071. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Depression and Quality of Life in Elderly Customized Home Visiting Health Services
Yunhee Kwon, Chungnam Kim, Oh-Gye Kwag
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(3): 262. CrossRef
The Effects of a Case Management Program of Customized Home Visiting Health Service for Clients with Arthritis
Soon-Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Yong-Jun Choi, Seung-Hee Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2011; 22(2): 151. CrossRef

A Study on the Awareness of Importance, Performance Level, and Perceived Competence Level of School Health Promotion Programs: Soon Ok Yang, Myung Soon Kwon, Geum Hee Jeong, Seung Hee Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2009;20(1):96-104. Published online March 31, 2009

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental materials for improving school health promotion programs by investigating school nurses' awareness of the importance, performance level, and perceived competence level of school health promotion programs in Gangwon-do.
METHODS
The subjects of this study were 173 school nurses who were working in Gangwon-do. The instrument for this study was a scale for awareness of importance, performance level, and perceived competence level. Data were collected on December 15, 2007 and analyzed using SPSS 13.0 for Windows.
RESULTS
The mean score of awareness of importance was 3.51 (range: 1~4). The mean score of performance level and the mean score of perceived competence level were 3.35 (range: 1~4) and 3.29 (range: 1~4), respectively. The younger school nurses were (F=4.380, p=.014), the higher their awareness of importance was. The performance level was lowest in high school nurses (F=5.013, p=.008). There were significant correlations between awareness of importance, performance level, and perceived competence level in school nurses.
CONCLUSION
In order to improve the effectiveness of school health promotion programs, training and education programs for school nurses' competencies and technical support systems for school nurses should be provided.

The Effects of Customized Home Visiting Health Service in Gangwon-do: Focused on Hypertension and DM Clients: Soon Ok Yang, Soo Yeon Ahn, Eun Shil Yim, Myung Soon Kwon; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2008;19(1):88-100. Published online March 31, 2008

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was to present the effects of home visiting health service on hypertension and DM clients.
METHOD
The one-group pretest-posttest design was applied to 127 hypertension and 116 DM clients. To evaluate the effects of visiting nursing service, biological indexes and self-care abilities were measured from April to July, 2007.
RESULT
Biological indexes and self-care abilities were improved in the hypertension and DM clients who received visiting nursing service. Especially, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar showed a dramatic decrease.
CONCLUSION
Home visiting health service by public health centers is considered to be an effective nursing service in Gangwon-do. Therefore, case management is demanded not only for hypertension and DM but also for other chronic diseases.

The Effect of a Physical Exercise Program Using Elastic Bands in the Attitude of Physical Exercise and the Degree of Joint Pain: Shin Jeong Kim, Geum Hee Jeong, Soon Ok Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2007;18(1):79-89. Published online March 31, 2007

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a physical exercise program using elastic bands in rural area women.
METHOD
This study adopted a pre-post test design. The subjects were 89 rural area women who were selected from four community health care centers. The physical exercise program was executed 30 times for 10 weeks (3 times a week) from August 23 to October 31, 2003.
RESULTS
There was a significant difference in the attitude of physical exercise (t=-5.517, p=.000). In the degree of joint pain, there were significant differences in the flextion and extension of the shoulder joint (t=2.557, p=.020; t=5.625, p=.000), and there was a significant difference in the flextion of the knee joint (t=4.747, 0=.000) but there was no significant difference in the extension of the knee joint (t=1.795, p=.083).
CONCLUSION
Physical exercise programs need to be implemented and spread continuously.

Development of School Health Nursing Phenomena in Korea by Retrospective Method of ICNP: Young Im Kim, Soon Ok Yang, Myoung Ja Wang, Chung Nam Kim, Hyeon Suk Kim, Tae Nam Park, Mi Ja Chung, Hye Jin Hyun; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(4):595-607. Published online December 31, 2002

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Abstract PDF: The objectives of this study were to identify the phenomena of school health nursing at schools in Korea and to contribute to building a school health domain of international Classification for Nursing Practice. A retrospective method was used in this study to develop ICNP during the period from July to October 2001. The procedure of the study involved choosing nursing phenomena using preliminary terms from the reports on the field of school health nursing practice documented by nursing students in 10 different nursing colleages. The detail procedures of the study were as follows. 1) Choosing nursing phenomena by using preliminary terms 2) Choosing the characteristics of school health nursing practice from the selected nursing phenomena 3) In order to make a consensus regarding the appropriate characteristics of phenomena 15 study group members re-categorized the nursing phenomena through 5 times of cyber meetings and 3 times of formal meetings. 4) To verify each characteristic 5 community nursing faculties and 25 school health nurses participated in procedure to give scores on nursing characteristics. 5) classification of the definite nursing phenomena and characteristics. Following the 5 step procedures school health nursing phenomena were categorized into human and environmental domains Human domains were classified into human behavioral and functional domains Environmental domains were classified into physical and psychosocial domains. The essential characteristics of each phenomena were selected when it obtains the mean score of 3.0 or over at the related characteristics The human behavioral domain consisted of 7 phenomena including risk for spinal disorder inadequate dietary habit inadequate weight control smoking and substance abuse inadequate stress management inadequate sex related coping strategies and inadequate accident management. The human functional domain consisted of 6 phenomena including inadequate eye care and visual management risk for respiratory disorder inadequate dental health care inappropriate infectious disease control risk for gastrointestinal disorder and lack of sexual identify. The physical environmental domain consisted of 6 phenomena including risk for incident at inside classroom risk for incident at outside classroom risk for incident around school risk for exposure to hazardous facilities around school inadequate garbage and disposal management and inadequate physical environment for learning. The psychosocial domain included impaired social interaction at school. Each phenomenon was composed of 2 to 8 characteristics and all phenomena will include a total number of 85 characteristics. The phenomena of school health nursing in Korea partially confirmed school health architecture of ICNP further study on verification of school health nursing phenomena in Korea needs to be done to support the finding of this study through review of literature on nursing classifications or field studies.

Validity Field Testing of Family Nursing Phenomen in Korea by the Retrospective Method of ICNP: Soon Nyung Yun, Hyun Sook Kim, Yong Suk Kwon, Kyung Min Park, Ji Hyun Lee, Young Ae Ko, Ae Young So, Soon Ok Yang, Young Im Kim, Hee Girl Kim, Jin Joo Oh, Myoung Ja Wang, Soon Lae Kim, Kyung Sook Kang, Ji Yun Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(3):423-432. Published online September 30, 2002

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to test the validity of characteristics of family nursing phenomena in Korea identified in a previous study by Yoon, S. Y, et al.(1999). Data for this study were collected from 355 (first measurement 186, second measurement 169) nurses whose family nursing careers were more than one year using a cross sectional survey method. The distribution per one characteristic ranged between 0 to 5. The phenomena that had two or more characteristics and had a score of 3.0 points or more included 'disturbance in marital role', 'disturbance in family communication', 'inappropriate family coping', 'lack of family intimacy', 'unhealthy life style', 'deficit of financial management skill and support', 'inadequate care management sick member', and 'inadequate home-making'. The essential characteristics of the 8 phenomena presented above included 27 items. Further studies on family nursing phenomena in Korea are needed to support the evidence through surveys of families in the field. A reconfirmation study, as well as qualitative research on the low validity of the characteristics, needs to be more performed in the future.

Knowledge and Attitude toward Smoking Behavior in Male Middle School Students: Soon Ok Yang, Shin Jeong Kim, Eun Jin Choi, Sung Sook Baek, Soon Bun Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2002;13(2):387-398. Published online June 30, 2002

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to provide basic data to develop a smoking prevention and non-smoking education program. Data were collected, using a questionnaire, from 438 male middle school students living in Chunchon, Kwangwon-do. The data collection period was from September 2 to 30, 2000. The questionnaire used to measure the subjects' knowledge and attitude toward smoking was based on the guideline for the contents of tobacco smoking surveys for the general population designed by WHO. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS-Win program. The results were as follows. 1. The subjects' average score for smoking knowledge was 58.52 out of 100 points. 2. The subjects' average score for attitude toward smoking was 63.54 out of 100 points. 3. Smoking knowledge of the subjects was significantly different by their grade (F=9.187, p=.000), father's smoking behavior (t=2.261, p=.024), aware of harmfulness of smoking (F=8.911, p=.000). The subjects' attitude toward smoking was significantly different by mother's smoking behavior (t=-2.557, p=.011), brother's smoking behavior (t=-3.959, p=.000), having a smoking friend or not (t=-4.422, p=.000), subjects' smoking experience (t=-8.304, p=.000), present smoking behavior (t=7.001, p=.000), quantity of smoking (F=3.297, p=.041), abstinence period of smoking (F=3.858, p=.013), thinking about smoking behavior (F=20.999, p=.000), aware of harmfulness of smoking (F=20.964, p=.000), and amount of drinking (F=8.316, p=.000). 4. There was a significant correlation between subjects' knowledge and attitude toward smoking (r=.514, p=.000).

A Research Study on the Sexual Awareness of Teenagers, Their Parents and Teachers in an Urban Area: Mi Lim Lim, Soon Ok Yang, Kwang Ok Lee; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2001;12(3):755-772. Published online December 31, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Sexual Knowledge and Attitude in Middle School Students: Soon Ok Yang, Seong Sil Kim, Geum Hee Jeong, Shin Jeong Kim; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2000;11(2):591-605. Published online December 31, 2000

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Abstract PDF: With the improvement of nutritive conditions and the influence of abundant information as well as various cultural aspects imported from foreign countries, puberty develops more rapidly in the body today. This study was conducted to suggest some ideas that are useful in planning sexual education programs in middle schools with ultimate aim being to promote sexual health. The subject of this survey consisted of 534 fifth graders from 4 schools in Hongchon. The major findings are summarized as follows: 1. The degree of sexual knowledge of adolescents showed a low average 31.00 and the degree of sexual attitude showed an average of 62.0. 2. With respect to demographic characteristics, there were statistically significant differences in sexual knowledge according to the following: living with parents (t=5.913. p=.015), father's education(F=3.213, p=.041), economic status (F=5.073 p=.007); and in sexual attitudes. there were statistically significant differences according to father's education (F=3.912. p=.002), and interest in the other sex (F=3.292, p=.038). 3. The level of sexual knowledge and sexual attitude of adolescents was correlated at significant levels(r=.354. p=.000). The findings of this study indicated that a variety of systematic sexual education programs suitable for each stage of adolescence should be developed along with family, society, and the country's higher concern and enlightenment.

The Attitudes of Nursing Students Towards Poverty: Based on the Factors Causing Poverty and the Factors Caused by Poverty: Soon Ok Yang, Mi Lim Im; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1999;10(2):525-536. Published online December 31, 1999

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Abstract PDF: The result of this study may be abstracted as follows. 1) The study was done on 48.3% seniors(138), 34.3% sophomores. and 17.5% juniors mostly ranging in age from 21 to 22, the largest number of students at 38.1%(109) were Christian. followed by 31.5%(90) were Confucian. 20.6%(59) who were Catholic. and 9.1%(26)who were Buddhist. 2) Concerning the economic views. 46.8%(134) preferred Capitalism 40.9%(117) preferred a combination of Capitalism and Socialism, 8.7%(25) were for more or less Socialistic in view point, and 3.5%(10) for Socialism. 3) Among the internal factors causing poverty, 'lack of ability(knowledge)', scored the highest at 3.528, and 'beauty or appearance' scored the lowest at 1.570. Social factors scored high in 'bad economic/tax policies' at 3.374 and 'low average in wages' at 3.364. Among family matters, 'not much money at home' scored the highest at 3.273, and 'low expectation of success in poor families' scored the lowest at 2.315. On concerns of fate and destiny. 'bad luck' turned out to be the most likely cause of poverty with the score of 2.619. and 'destined poverty' was the least likely cause with the score of 1.969. 4) The high scoring economical consequences of poverty was 'not able to do as one desires' at 3.965, and 'no money to buy things wanted' at 3.804. 'Gets tired of life' (4.028) scored high in psychological consequences showing that poverty affects these matters greatly. 'Looked down on by others' (3.538) scored high in social circumstances, and 'feels like a burden to society' scored low at 2.080. Among family matters. 'hard life' scored high at 4.210, and 'low morality' scored low at 1.972. 5) Significant differences(p=.00) were found between economic views and what significance certain internal factors caused poverty these differences were also related to a reliance on religion, economic views, and economic status. Significant differences were also found between economic status and internal factors causing poverty(p=.04), economic point of view and social factors(p=.01). and economical point of view and luck related matters, (p=.01) When the consequences of poverty were considered. psychological factors such as 'hate towards oneself', 'tired of life', and 'afraid of the future' showed significant differences in relation to economic status. (p=.02) Family matters also showed significant differences in relation to economic status(p=.03), With personal characteristics and wealth causing factors, significant differences were found between a person's economic point of view and ecinomic status when considering and internal or social factors.

Analysis of materials for sexual education in Korea: Soon Ok Yang, Sung Hee Baik, Geum Heel Jeong; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1999;10(2):508-524. Published online December 31, 1999

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Abstract PDF: We would like to identify the current status and the problem of the material for sexual education in Korea by analyzing the contents and the subjects of the materials. The 274 materials were collected from 80 institutes from March 1999 to June 1999. The collected ones were analyzed according to title. year of production. producer. subjects of materials and contents. Also, the materials in the internet was searched. Result were summarized by the descriptive statistics with SPSS/PC as followings: Type of materials were video tape (155), books (70), projection slides (43) and CD-ROM (6); Number of production from each institute were 54 from Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea, 39 from Korea Broadcasting System. 23 from Seoul School Health Center. 22 from Seoul Education and Science Research Institute, 16 from Korea Sexual Violence Relief Center, 13 from Republic of Korean National Redcross. and 10 from Korea Educational Development Institute; Subjects of the materials were middle and high school children (55), teachers (35), primary schoolchildren (17) and adult (14), preschool children (5). One hundred forty eight materials did not indicate the specific subjects; Thirty institutes had been providing the information for sexual education and the counseling. According to the above results. we suggest the followings: The systematic development of materials for sexual education appropriate to the specific subjects should be done: Materials in the CD-ROM and internet homepage should be developed more and more; The evaluation tool should be developed and adapted to the materials for the recommendation of the good materials; Database of the sexual materials should be provided for further development, evaluation and utilization.

Sexual Attitudes and Experience in Middle School Students, Kangwon-Do, Korea: Soon Ok Yang, Geum Hee Jeong, Sung Sook Paik; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1998;9(2):482-501. Published online December 31, 1998

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Abstract PDF: As an initial step toward the improvement of sexual education in middle school students, a survey on sexual attitudes and experience was done in Kangwon-Do, Korea. Questionnaires consisted of 68 items distributed to 240 boys and 240 girls from November 1 to December 20, 1996. Answers from 420 students were subjected to an analysis with SPSS. 92.4% of the girls experienced menstruation. Of them, 74.0% showed a negative reaction. 52.0% of the boys experienced night ejaculation. Of them, 81.7% showed a negative reaction. Boys (64.3%) masturbated more than girls (17.6%) (p=0.0000). The understanding of masturbation was higher in boys than in girls (p=0.0000). 87.2% of the subjects wished meetings with the opposite sex. During the meeting with the opposite sex, 12.9% of the students enjoyed drinking or smoking, 8.8% had intercourse. Boys(91.9%) watched porno-graphy or porno-video more than girls(40.5%)(p=0.0000). 83.3% of the girls thought that both males and females should keep their virginity untill marriage. However, only 48.6% of boys thought that(p=0.0000). Of boys who had experienced sexual touch, 34.8% had intercourse. Of the 30 students(26 boys, 4 girls) who experienced sexual intercourse, 22 students had partners of the opposite sex and were friends. First intercourse 63.4% of these students had their in middle school period. The frequencys of sexual intercourse (more than 6times) was written by 12 students (40.0%). 24 students(16 boys and 8 girls) experienced sexual violence. As for dealing with sexual violence, 14 suffered by him or herself whill 7 students discussed it with a friend. There was a significant difference in the sources of information between boys and girls(p=0.000), 36.0% had learned from an official sexual education source, usually from school nurses (74.0%). 92.6% of the students thought that sexual education was necessary. They believed that the appropriate person for sexual education was from a school nurse (53.1%) or from parents (19.5%). According to the above results, the following might be suggested: Realistic and future-directed sexual education material should be developed : Education programs to improve students insight and control sexual desire should be prepared: a systematic approach to activate the role of school nurse in sexual education should be prepared.

An Analysis of Sexual Health Education for Korean Adolescents: Koang Ok Lee, Soon Ok Yang, Mi Lim Im; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1998;9(2):441-457. Published online December 31, 1998

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information for the development of new sex education image media through the analysis of those tools produced by Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea. Twenty three video tapes related to the sex education were analysed. The data were sampled on the basis of the sex education instructions for primary and secondary schools published by the Seoul Office of Education in 1996 and the list of sex education information composed by the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea with the following requirements. The education materials are oriented to the middle and high school students as well a juveniles and are being used in public health centers and schools. The education materials are not confined to the single subject such as AIDS or contraception. Because this study is focused on the analysis of image media, an analysis method widely and effectively used in public media study was chosen. The frequency analysis and percentage treatment were done by an SAS program. The results of the study are as follows : 1. An analysis of the material structure type showed that the frequency of the following subjects in 15 video tapes, composed as drama and cartoon, had this decreasing orde : sex behavior, sex relation ships, sex health, human development, personal technique, and society and culture. 2. The eight tapes of explanation and counseling showed a different sequence from that of the drama and cartoon material, primarily treating human development with 5419 seconds (47.9%) of type. The following were also considered in decreasing order: at 2000seconds (17.6%) sex behavior, at 1366 seconds (12.1%) sex health, at 1240 seconds (11.0%) society and culture, at 667 seconds (6.0%) relation ships, and at 611 seconds (5.4%) personal technique. 3. In a thematic analysis those education materials dealing with human development show this frequency sequence: anatomic physiology, reproduction, and adolescence. In relation, ships the sequence is dates, love, marriage and vows, and family. For personal technique, it is expressed as asking for help, and an empnasis on moral values. For sex behavior, they focus on abstinence, the co-responsibility of sex behavior, the sexual response of the human, and sexual nightmares. For the sex health area, the focus is contraception with abortion and reproductive health following that. In society and culture diversity is considered. 4. An analysis of the differences in production and content between 1980s and 1990s was also done. For materials produced in the 1980s the frequency of the subjects follows this order: sex behavior, human development, relation ships, sex health, personal technique, and society and culture with sub subjects such as abstinence, dating, adolescence, anatomic physiology, reproduction, calls for help, and the sexual response of a human being. For materials produced in the 1990s, highest frequency was sex behavior, the same as the 1980s. The rest of the material follows this decreasing order: relationships, human development, sex health, society and culture, and personal technique with sub subjects such as dating, co-resposibility in sex behavior, abstinence, and love frequently considered.

Value of Health, Multidimensonal Health Locus of Control and Level of Self-esteem in Low Income Mothers: Kwang Ok Lee, Soon Ok Yang; J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 1996;7(1):52-68. Published online June 30, 1996

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Abstract PDF: As a product of poverty, health means the physical, mental and social instability caused by poverty. High mortality, high morbidity, and unsatisfied needs for medical care indicate the health condition of poor people. These indicators are related to the social and psychological property. This study is to develop an effective method of nursing in the poor family which is an essential unit in the nursing field of the community and to which a fundamental approach is need as a top priority. We can make such a study, though partially, by revealing the relationship among the Health-value, Health Locus of Contol, and the Level of Self esteem. We randomly sampled 243 women who are participating in the nursing department of the comnnity nursing centers in Seoul. We investigated by using questionaries and made an analysis on the result by SAS program. The result of this investigation can summarized as follows : 1. The average age of the subjects investigated is 43.4 and the participation rate in the economic activity is as high as 49.4%. Most of them are paid daily. The average members of the family are 4.28 persons, and 80.2% of which are nuclear families. The type of housing is as follows:51.4% are monthly-rent houses. Rent houses represent 23.5%. And 43.6% of the subjects graduate the high schools 2. The level of self-esteem possessed by the subjects is 37.17. The quality of task performance(3.46) and the morality(3.53) are low as compared with the other qualities. 3. In relation to the locus of control, internality is 22.39, the influence of powerrful others represents 20.24, and the effect of chance occurance is 16.41. 4. The orderings of value scale are the physical and mental health, comfortable life, happiness, mental peace, and pleasure. The lowest order is social recognition. 5. Considering in relation to the self-esteem and the locus of control, we found out that there is a negative relationship among the self-esteem, the influence of powerful others. The lower the level of self-esteem is, the higher the influence of powerful others is. There is also a negative relationship among the detailed items such as the qualities, and the positive attitude. 6. In a significant test in the general characters of the subjects and in the level of self-esteem, we can obtain the follwing results. The higher the economic level is, the higher the level of self-esteem is. And the higher the level of satisfaction with life is, the higher the level of self-esteem is. 7. In the locus of control, the higher the economic level is, the higher the internality is. 8. In the health-level, 75.72% represent the high health -level. And the group which has the low satisfaction with life represents the high level of health-value(81.6%). With these results, we can conclude that the level of self-esteem possessed by the poor women living in the city is high and that they have the multi-dimemsional health-value even though they are living in the poor condtions. Traditionally, the poverty has been recognized as an unfavorale factor in the health care. But this study shows that the poverty is no longer an unfavorale factor and, on the contrary, it has a potential power with which people can improve their health by possessing the high self-esteem and the high health value. The ultimate purpose which the nursing task of the community has is to make the patients keep and improve their own health. So, when the nurses approach the poor patients, the nurses should put an emphasis on the individual responsibilities of the patients, and respect their own health value.

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